take and mTOR signaling. IL-6 caused a significant reduction in food intake and induced hypothalamic p70S6K and 4EBP1 phosphorylation. The p70S6K and 4EBP1 protein levels were not 
different between the groups. To determine whether the effects of IL-6 on food intake are mTOR-dependent, we first identified a dose of Rapamycin that did not alter food intake when administered at the onset of the dark cycle. We then evaluated the effect of i.c.v. pretreatment 11179435 with this dose of Rapamycin or its vehicle, on the anorectic response to i.c.v. IL-6 and we observed that IL-6 reduction of food intake was reversed by Rapamycin. We next examined whether PIK signaling is required for the IL-6-dependent reduction of 10069503 food intake, by IL-6 administration in LY294002 pretreated animals. Pretreatment with LY294002 at a dose that did not alter food intake had no effect on anorectic response to i.c.v. IL-6. Consistent with these data, we observed that a single IL-6 i.c.v. injection did not change Akt phosphorylation status in the hypothalamus. The Akt protein levels were not different between the groups. These findings indicates that activation of neuronal mTOR is necessary for some of the effects of IL-6 on food intake and that these effects of IL-6 do not require any change in PIK signaling. We also injected IL-6 into the third ventricle of rats and evaluated food intake and JAK2/STAT3 signaling. IL-6 caused a significant reduction in food intake and induced hypothalamic JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation. The JAK2 and STAT3 protein levels were not different between the groups. To determine whether the effects of IL-6 on food intake are also JAK2/STAT3-dependent, we first identified a dose of AG490 that did not alter food intake when administered at the onset of the dark cycle. We then evaluated the effect of i.c.v. pretreatment with this dose of AG490 or its vehicle, on the anorectic response to i.c.v. IL-6 and we observed that IL-6 reduction of food intake was reversed by AG490. Physiological parameters measured in basal conditions after exercise protocol The plasma glucose level was lower in the exercised group compared to the MedChemExpress Ombitasvir control group and the insulin levels were also lower. Exercise did not, however, reduce plasma leptin. Insulinemia and leptinemia were not altered by third ventricle microinjection of leptin. Exercise partially reverses the effects of AMPK agonists and fasting on food intake through modulation of the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway in the hypothalamus To test the role of a single session of exercise on AICARincreased food intake, AICAR or its vehicle were administered to control and exercised animals. 12-hour total food intake was measured after exercise. In exercised rats, AICAR did not cause any acute change in food intake but, in the control group, AICAR increased food intake by 32%, suggesting that AICAR is not effective in exercised rats. Comparing AICAR-treated groups K signaling If the effect of IL-6 on food intake is mediated by mTOR activation, Rapamycin infusion at doses that do not change food Exercise and Leptin Action 3 Exercise and Leptin Action microscopy was performed using IL-6 receptor -specific antibody and DAPI, with 506 magnification. Co-localization of IL-6R and AMPK and IL-6R and phospho-p70S6K 60 minutes after i.c.v. saline or IL-6 infusion in the arcuate nuclei of rats, with 2006 magnification. Data are the means6SEM. p,0.05, vs. control group; p,0.01, vs. control group; # p,0.05, vs. other groups. doi:10.1371/journ
