Subjects the average total 5 day symptom score was 21.1 (range 6?3) with an average daily peak of 7.3 (range 2?3). For both challenge studies, only those individuals achieving both clear clinical and virologic endpoints were analyzed as true UKI-1 Influenza `infection’ (see Methods, Table s3). In our challenge studies there were four major outcome groups despite historical and immunologic screening and similar inoculations [13]. Most individuals fall within our two analysis groups ?those who are symptomatic-infected or asymptomatic-uninfected. However, a few individuals demonstrate mixed phenotypes and are either symptomatic-uninfected (symptoms but no viral shedding detected, see Methods) or asymptomatic-infected individuals (never symptomatic but clear viral shedding on Iloprost price multiple days (Table s3). We have focused this analysis on those subjects with the clear phenotypes of `infected’ and `uninfected’ (see Methods for phenotyping criteria). The development of biomarkers for asymptomatic-infected and symptomatic-uninfected and a understanding their underlying biology would be invaluable, and could potentially inform our ability to forecast and track epidemics. However, the numbers of such individuals from the current studies are insufficient for meaningful analysis at this time. Influenza-induced host gene expression groups into unbiased time-evolving factors Whole blood RNA was isolated from each individual every 8 hours from inoculation through day 7 and assayed by Affymetrix U133a 2.0 human microarrays. Co-expressed gene transcript factors were generated through sparse latent factor regression analysis to provide an unbiased (unlabeled) examination of gene expression [15]. This methodology specifically selects gene `factors’, with each factor effectively defining a specific, limited subset of genes that are upor down-regulated in a given condition. Sparse latent factor regression analysis permits an unbiased selection of these coregulated genes while simultaneously filtering the tremendous number of genes tested into smaller, more manageable, biologically connected subsets (see Methods). Based upon the quantitative level of over- or under-expression of the individual genes in aFigure 1. Clinical response to viral challenge. Average symptom scores over time of individuals with both clinical and microbiologically confirmed infection (symptomatic-infected) following experimental viral inoculation with H1N1 (blue) and H3N2 (red). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052198.gHost Genomic Signatures Detect H1N1 Infectionfactor, a factor score is computed for a given factor in a given sample at a given time. In each individual, the factor score for each group of co-expressed genes evolve as they progress through the various stages of disease (Fig. 2a, b). Furthermore, within each factor, the individual genes themselves exhibit variable expression over time (Fig. 2c, d, Fig. s2), and therefore each gene’s individual contribution to a single factor score continuously evolves, highlighting the complexity of the temporal dynamics of the host response to influenza challenge. The factor score provides a coherent representation of the aggregate of these co-expressed genes at a given time-point allowing for a more manageable means of expressing biologically relevant genomic variance over time.A Whole 18325633 Blood RNA-based Gene Signature Differentiates Symptomatic Influenza A H1N1 or H3N2 Infection from Asymptomatic IndividualsSimilar to our previous work [4], in each chal.Subjects the average total 5 day symptom score was 21.1 (range 6?3) with an average daily peak of 7.3 (range 2?3). For both challenge studies, only those individuals achieving both clear clinical and virologic endpoints were analyzed as true influenza `infection’ (see Methods, Table s3). In our challenge studies there were four major outcome groups despite historical and immunologic screening and similar inoculations [13]. Most individuals fall within our two analysis groups ?those who are symptomatic-infected or asymptomatic-uninfected. However, a few individuals demonstrate mixed phenotypes and are either symptomatic-uninfected (symptoms but no viral shedding detected, see Methods) or asymptomatic-infected individuals (never symptomatic but clear viral shedding on multiple days (Table s3). We have focused this analysis on those subjects with the clear phenotypes of `infected’ and `uninfected’ (see Methods for phenotyping criteria). The development of biomarkers for asymptomatic-infected and symptomatic-uninfected and a understanding their underlying biology would be invaluable, and could potentially inform our ability to forecast and track epidemics. However, the numbers of such individuals from the current studies are insufficient for meaningful analysis at this time. Influenza-induced host gene expression groups into unbiased time-evolving factors Whole blood RNA was isolated from each individual every 8 hours from inoculation through day 7 and assayed by Affymetrix U133a 2.0 human microarrays. Co-expressed gene transcript factors were generated through sparse latent factor regression analysis to provide an unbiased (unlabeled) examination of gene expression [15]. This methodology specifically selects gene `factors’, with each factor effectively defining a specific, limited subset of genes that are upor down-regulated in a given condition. Sparse latent factor regression analysis permits an unbiased selection of these coregulated genes while simultaneously filtering the tremendous number of genes tested into smaller, more manageable, biologically connected subsets (see Methods). Based upon the quantitative level of over- or under-expression of the individual genes in aFigure 1. Clinical response to viral challenge. Average symptom scores over time of individuals with both clinical and microbiologically confirmed infection (symptomatic-infected) following experimental viral inoculation with H1N1 (blue) and H3N2 (red). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052198.gHost Genomic Signatures Detect H1N1 Infectionfactor, a factor score is computed for a given factor in a given sample at a given time. In each individual, the factor score for each group of co-expressed genes evolve as they progress through the various stages of disease (Fig. 2a, b). Furthermore, within each factor, the individual genes themselves exhibit variable expression over time (Fig. 2c, d, Fig. s2), and therefore each gene’s individual contribution to a single factor score continuously evolves, highlighting the complexity of the temporal dynamics of the host response to influenza challenge. The factor score provides a coherent representation of the aggregate of these co-expressed genes at a given time-point allowing for a more manageable means of expressing biologically relevant genomic variance over time.A Whole 18325633 Blood RNA-based Gene Signature Differentiates Symptomatic Influenza A H1N1 or H3N2 Infection from Asymptomatic IndividualsSimilar to our previous work [4], in each chal.
