Nd the relative resistance of HUVECs to oxidative damage may contribute
Nd the relative resistance of HUVECs to oxidative damage may contribute to the non-significant changes in VCAM-1 and E-selectin.Ugusman et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011, 11:31 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/Page 5 ofFigure 3 VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin mRNA expression in HUVECs. Figure 3 represents the bar chart showing VCAM-1 (A), ICAM-1 (B) and E-selectin (C) mRNA expression in control, AEPS, H2O2 and AEPS + H2O2 groups. HUVECs treated with H2O2 showed a significantly higher level of ICAM-1 mRNA expression. The H2O2-induced ICAM-1 mRNA expression was significantly down regulated by AEPS. Data are denoted as mean ?SEM of n = 6. (**) p < 0.01 vs. control; (##) p < 0.01 vs. H2O2.Figure 4 Nox4 mRNA expression in HUVECs. Figure 4 represents the bar chart showing Nox4 mRNA expression in control, AEPS, H2O2 and AEPS + H2O2 groups. HUVECs treated with AEPS had lower Nox4 mRNA expression while H2O2 caused a higher Nox4 mRNA expression. Data are denoted as mean ?SEM of n = 6. (*) p < 0.05 vs. control; (#) p < 0.05 vs. H2O2.The present study demonstrated that AEPS down regulated the mRNA expression of the ROS-producing enzyme Nox4 (Figure 4), and at the same time, upregulated the expression of ROS-inactivating enzymes; SOD1, CAT and GPx (Figure 5A, 5B, 5C) in HUVECs. Although several ROS-generating systems have been described in endothelial and other vascular cells, NADPH oxidases (Nox) have now been recognized to be the major source of ROS in the vasculature [9]. The Nox enzyme complex consists of two essential membrane-bound subunits, gp91phox and p22phox, which composed of cytochrome b558, and several cytosolic regulatory components. The enzyme is dormant in resting cells, but on stimulation, the cytosolic subunits translocate to the cytochrome b558 at the membrane leading to activation of the enzyme and the release of large amounts of superoxides [25]. NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production is regulated at two levels: gene expression of the Nox subunits and the enzyme activity [26]. To the best of ourUgusman et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011, 11:31 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/Page 6 ofFigure 5 SOD1, CAT and GPx mRNA expression in HUVECs. Figure 5 represents the bar chart showing SOD1 (A), CAT (B) and GPx (C) mRNA expression in control, AEPS, H2O2 and AEPS + H2O2 groups. Single treatment of HUVEC with AEPS or H2O2 significantly increased SOD1, CAT and GPx mRNA expression. The highest level of SOD1, CAT and GPx mRNA expression was observed in HUVEC treated with both AEPS and H2O2. Data are expressed as mean ?SEM of n = 10. (*) p < 0.05 vs. control; (**) p < 0.01 vs. control.knowledge, the present study is the first of its kind to report that AEPS decreased the gene expression of Nox4, which is the predominant Nox isoform found in endothelial cells. The present study also showed that treatment of HUVECs with H 2 O 2 upregulated Nox4 mRNA expression. In another study, H2O2 was capable of upregulating the Nox subunit p22phox mRNA and protein expression in PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27488460 endothelial cells [25]. The H2O2induced Nox4 mRNA expression was significantly down regulated by AEPS (Figure 4). This could be one of the mechanisms by which AEPS reduced endothelial oxidative stress. The antioxidant enzymes represent a first line of defense against ROS by metabolizing them to innocuous byproducts. The first enzymatic reaction in the purchase CEP-37440 reduction pathway of oxygen occurs during the dismutation of two molecules of.
